Large rake face wear (crater wear)

?Likely causes

• Cutting speed or feed is highAgreed by 2+ makers^{[1][2][3][4][5]}
• At high temperature, tool components diffuse into the chips or react chemicallyAgreed by 2+ makers^[1][6][7][2]
• Heat concentrates at the cutting edge in materials with low thermal conductivityOne maker^[2]
• Chip breaker is narrow or rake angle is smallAgreed by 2+ makers^[1][2]
• Cutting fluid does not reach the cutting pointOne maker^[5]

✓Fixes

Cutting conditions

• Reduce the cutting speed first, then the feedAgreed by 2+ makers^{[1][6][2][3][4][5]}

Tool

• Use a wear-resistant grade (Al2O3-based or coated grade)Agreed by 2+ makers^[1][6][2][3]
• Use a positive geometry with a large rake angleAgreed by 2+ makers^[1][6][2][3]

Coolant

• Supply enough cutting fluid (through-tool coolant and higher flow for drills)Agreed by 2+ makers^[3][5][8]

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